DNA Romance predicts "Chemistry" online using the DRom 1.0 algorithm. This algorithm assesses 100 specific markers within your DNA, focusing on genes proven to be involved in attraction and reproduction. Studies have shown that people with varied DNA markers in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) tend to find each other’s scent appealing and often enjoy more durable romantic relationships .
DNA Romance también pronostica Compatibilidad de personalidad Usando tipos de personalidad derivados de pruebas psicométricas, y permite a los usuarios evaluar Compartir intereses comunes usando filtros. Y y Atracción física Basado en las fotografías de sus coincidencias, DNA Romance ofrece una predicción de compatibilidad basada en la genética. second genetic algorithm DRom 2.0 DRom 2.0 complementa a DNA Romance utilizando un modelo de IA entrenado con marcadores de ADN relevantes para predecir con alta precisión los rasgos fenotípicos. Mecanismo de verificación de perfil que presenta múltiples capas de verificaciones que ayudan a indicar mejor la autenticidad del perfil de usuario".
Explora nuestro
Calificación de compatibilidad de personalidad
inspired by the renowned Jung/Myers-Briggs 16 personality types. Developed over a century ago by Swiss psychiatrist Dr. Carl Jung and further refined by Isabel Briggs Myers and Katherine Briggs, this psychometric test has stood the test of time. Recognized as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®, it's widely used in organizational psychology.
DNA Romance utilizes this personality compatibility algorithm to predict potential connections between both singles and couples. DNA Romance's algorithms strategically assigns higher compatibility scores to similar personality types, and lower scores to those that may conflict.
DNA Romance predicts "Chemistry" using DRom 1.0, an algorithm that analyses Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)confirmed to influence relationship choice in several independent studies. Here we present just a few of the research papers we evaluated in order to develop DRom 1.0 .
Jokiniemi A, Turunen T, Kohonen M et al. (2025) Female-mediated selective sperm activation may remodel major histocompatibility complex-based mate choice decisions in humans Heredity 134, 321–330.
*** This study reveals a paradox: women prefer the body odours of MHC-similar men, but sperm from MHC-dissimilar men exhibit higher motility when exposed to female follicular fluid. This suggests that the most attractive males may not necessarily be the most optimal partners in terms of fertilisation success, indicating that post-copulatory selection can remodel pre-mating mate choice decisions.
Havlíček J, Winternitz J, Roberts S (2020) Major histocompatibility complex-associated odour preferences and human mate choice: near and far horizons Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 375:20190260.
*** A comprehensive meta-analysis examining MHC-based mate choice in humans. The analysis found no significant overall effect of MHC-similarity on human mate selection when combining genomic studies, relationship satisfaction measures, and odour preference experiments. The authors recommend larger, more diverse samples and greater focus on mechanisms of MHC-associated pregnancy loss.
Dandine-Roulland C, Laurent R, Dall'Ara I, Toupance B y Chaix R (2019) Evidencia genómica de apareamiento disasortativo MHC en humanos
This study on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and mate choice in humans suggests that while couples in Northern Europe tend to exhibit MHC-dissimilarity, potentially indicative of a biological influence on mate choice, social and/or cultural factors in other regions, like Israel, may override or obscure such biologically-driven mating preferences.
Birnbaum GE, Zholtack K, Mizrahi M & Ein-Dor T (2019) La amarga píldora: la interrupción del uso de anticonceptivos orales aumenta el atractivo de parejas alternativas Evolutionary Psychological Science volume 5, pages 276–285
*** Los anticonceptivos hormonales alteran las preferencias de pareja de las mujeres hacia hombres más protectoras, pero dejar de usarlos revierte estas preferencias, aumentando la atracción hacia hombres más genéticamente compatibles, especialmente durante las fases de alta fertilidad, lo que podría motivar la búsqueda de parejas alternativas.
Wedekind C (2019) A predicted interaction between odour pleasantness and intensity provides evidence for major histocompatibility complex social signalling in women Proc. R. Soc. B 285:20172714.
*** El artículo describe la conexión entre el Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad (MHC) y las preferencias de olor en los humanos, debatiendo los hallazgos anteriores y analizando cómo el afeitado de axilas y otros factores pueden influir en la percepción del olor corporal y su vinculación con el MHC, con una reanálisis de los datos anteriores que revela que la agradabilidad y la intensidad del olor pueden interactuar con la disimilitud del MHC para influir en la señalización social a través del olor, implicando una relación matizada entre el MHC, la percepción del olor y la comunicación social.
Wu K, Chen C, Moyzis RK, Nuno M, Yu Z and Greenberger E (2018) More than skin deep: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-based attraction among Asian American speed-daters Evolution and Human Behavior. 39(4):447-456.
*** En un contexto de citas rápidas, las mujeres, pero no los hombres, mostraron preferencias por los compañeros basadas en la complementariedad del Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad (MHC) a través del análisis de SNPs, con diferentes SNPs influyendo en la atracción de forma direccional en función de la proximidad a los principales genes HLA, y los índices basados en MHC tuvieron una influencia comparable a los atributos de personalidad autoinformados para predecir ofertas de segunda cita para ambos géneros".
Henningsson S, Hovey D, Vass K, Walum H, Sandnabba K, Santtila P, Jern P, Westberg L (2017) A missense polymorphism in the putative pheromone receptor gene VN1R1 is associated with sociosexual behavior Transl Psychiatry. 7(4):e1102.
*** El estudio encuentra una asociación significativa entre un polimorfismo en el gen VN1R1, relacionado con el receptor tipo vomeronasal humano 1 (parte del sistema que media los efectos de las feromonas), y el comportamiento sociosexual en mujeres, particularmente relacionado con relaciones de una noche, sugiriendo que la quimiosignalización podría desempeñar un papel en la modulación de las interacciones sociales humanas.
Burger D, Meuwly C, Marti E, Sieme H, Oberthür M, Janda J, Meinecke-Tillmann S y Wedekind C. (2017) Preferencias correlacionadas con MHC en caballos hembras diestroides (Equus caballus).
Este estudio investigó la influencia de los genes del Complejo Principal de Histocompatibilidad (MHC) y los niveles de testosterona en las preferencias de apareamiento de las yeguas, encontrando que las yeguas demostraron un interés elevado hacia los sementales disímiles en MHC durante su fase diestro (período no reproductivo), pero otras características masculinas no vinculadas al MHC, posiblemente como atributos físicos o señales de comportamiento, podrían anular las influencias del MHC durante su fase estro (reproductiva), siendo el contexto y la fase del ciclo fundamentales en la elección de pareja.
Sherlock JM, Sidari MJ, Harris EA, Barlow FK, Zietsch BP (2016) Testing the mate-choice hypothesis of the female orgasm: disentangling traits and behaviours Socioaffect Neurosci Psychol. 6:31562.
*** El estudio sugiere que las mujeres experimentan frecuencias de orgasmo variables con diferentes parejas, con aquellas que induzcan mayores tasas de orgasmo siendo percibidas como más divertidas, creativas, cálidas, fieles y con mejor olor, y también siendo más atentas a la satisfacción sexual de su pareja, apoyando parcialmente la hipótesis de elección de pareja del orgasmo femenino que lo postula como un mecanismo potencial para seleccionar parejas de alta calidad.
Kromer J, Hummel T, Pietrowski D, Giani AS, Sauter J, Ehninger G, Schmidt AH, Croy I (2016) Influence of HLA on human partnership and sexual satisfaction Sci Rep. 6:32550.
*** Un estudio indica que en los humanos, la disimilitud de HLA (un componente genético del sistema inmunitario) puede influir en la selección de pareja y la satisfacción sexual, potencialmente a través de la detección de señales olfativas relacionadas con la compatibilidad genética, de manera similar a los mecanismos observados en otros animales, promoviendo la diversidad genética y la resistencia a los patógenos en los descendientes.
Wlodarski R. and Dunbar RIM. (2015) What's in a Kiss? The Effect of Romantic Kissing on Mate Desirability Evol Psychol. 12(1): 178–199.
*** Este estudio encontró que la percepción de la habilidad para besar románticamente afecta las evaluaciones de los posibles compañeros, aumentando la deseabilidad especialmente para las mujeres en contextos de sexo casual, y aunque las señales visuales pueden anular el impacto de la información relacionada con el beso en ciertos escenarios de apareamiento, la influencia de la información visual atractiva parece ser más potente para los hombres que para las mujeres, aludiendo al papel multifacético del beso para transmitir la calidad y deseabilidad de la pareja junto con otras señales.
Burger D, Dolivo G, Marti E, Sieme H y Wedekind C. (2015)". El tipo de complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad femenino afecta los niveles de testosterona y el número de espermatozoides en el caballo (Equus caballus).
Este estudio examina cómo el Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad (MHC) influye en las estrategias reproductivas masculinas en caballos. La investigación reveló que cuando los sementales se expusieron a hembras con tipos MHC disímiles, mostraron niveles más altos de testosterona y produjeron un mayor número de espermatozoides por eyaculación en comparación con cuando se expusieron a yeguas con MHC similares, destacando que los señales vinculadas al MHC pueden realmente impactar en la producción de testosterona y en las características del semen, influyendo así en los enfoques reproductivos.
Christakis NA and Fowler JH (2014) Amistad y selección natural PNAS. 11:10796–10801.
*** El estudio demuestra que los humanos tienden a formar amistades con individuos que tienen genotipos similares, a nivel de primos de cuarto grado, a lo largo de todo el genoma, y mientras que ciertos genotipos están positivamente correlacionados (homofílicos), otros están negativamente correlacionados (heterofílicos) entre amigos, con conjuntos de genes particulares relacionados con el sistema olfativo e inmunológico desempeñando un papel en la formación de amistades, proponiendo que los amigos podrían actuar como "parientes funcionales" y sugiriendo que los genotipos homofílicos pueden ofrecer beneficios sinérgicos para la aptitud que han estado influyendo en la evolución humana reciente.
Laurent R and Chaix R (2012) MHC-dependent mate choice in humans: Why genomic patterns from the HapMap European American dataset support the hypothesis BioEssays. 34(4):267-71.
*** This study supports the hypothesis that humans tend to choose mates with different MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) genes than their own, which may promote genetic diversity and immune system strength in offspring.
Lie HC, Simmons LH and Rhodes G (2010) Genetic dissimilarity, genetic diversity, and mate preferences in humans Evolution and Human Behavior 31:8–58.
*** Este estudio explora la influencia de los factores genéticos, particularmente el complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad (MHC), en las preferencias de pareja en humanos, descubriendo que los hombres tienden a preferir a mujeres con MHC diferente en contextos de apareamiento a corto y largo plazo, mientras que la diversidad genética impacta las preferencias de pareja tanto de hombres como de mujeres en diferentes contextos de apareamiento, apoyando así un papel significativo del MHC en la selección de pareja humana y sugiriendo que estas preferencias podrían funcionar para mejorar la diversidad genética en la descendencia.
Lie HC, Rhodes G and Simmons LH (2010) Is genetic diversity associated with mating success in humans? Animal Behaviour. 79, 4:903-909
*** Este estudio indica que en los humanos, particularmente en las mujeres, la diversidad genética, especialmente dentro del complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad (MHC), está asociada con un mayor éxito en el apareamiento, medido por el número de parejas sexuales, apoyando el concepto de que los factores genéticos, potencialmente relacionados con el funcionamiento del sistema inmunológico, juegan un papel en el éxito del apareamiento humano, mientras que no se encontró una asociación significativa en los hombres.
Chaix R, Cao C, and Donnelly P (2008) Is Mate Choice in Humans MHC-Dependent? PLOS Genetics, 4 (9)
*** El estudio indica que, aunque las poblaciones euroamericanas pueden preferir parejas disímiles en MHC, seleccionando para la diversidad en los sistemas inmunológicos de la descendencia, tal patrón no se encuentra en la población africana examinada, lo que sugiere que la influencia del MHC en la elección de pareja puede ser dependiente del contexto y potencialmente moldeada por varios factores.
Schwensow N, Fietz J, Dausmann K, Sommer S (2008) MHC-associated mating strategies and the importance of overall genetic diversity in an obligate pair-living primate Evol Ecol. (22) 617-636
*** El estudio explora la elección de pareja en el lémur enano de cola gorda, encontrando que las hembras prefieren machos con mayor diversidad genética del MHC y menor superposición del MHC como padres sociales y genéticos, mientras que la heterocigosidad genética general y el parentesco no influyen significativamente en la selección de pareja; los emparejamientos extra-pareja podrían ocurrir para mitigar la incompatibilidad genética, destacando una compleja interacción de las hipótesis de "buenos genes como heterocigosidad" y "apareamiento desasociativo" en las estrategias de apareamiento de primates.
Wedekind C (2007) The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Perfumers' Descriptions of Human Body Odors Evolutionary Psychology.5(2): 330-343
*** Este experimento revela una conexión entre el Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad (MHC) y las descripciones verbales de los olores corporales humanos, demostrando que los perfumistas profesionales pueden, hasta cierto punto, articular los componentes del olor corporal correlacionados con el MHC, subrayando la influencia del MHC en la percepción olfativa humana y, posiblemente, en la selección de pareja, dado el papel crítico del MHC en el funcionamiento del sistema inmunológico y el impacto previamente señalado en el olor corporal y la elección de pareja.
Garver-Apgar CE, Gangestad SW, Thornill R, Miller RD and Olp JJ (2006) Major histocompatibility complex alleles, sexual responsivity, and unfaithfulness in romantic couples Psychol Sci, 17(10): 830-835.
*** In the context of romantic couples, the study finds that as the proportion of shared Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) alleles increases, women's sexual responsivity to their partners decreases, while their number of extra-pair sexual partners and attraction to men other than their primary partners, especially during their fertile phase, increases, suggesting that MHC-dissimilarity might play a role in sexual attraction and partner selection, potentially driven by underlying genetic and reproductive strategies to enhance offspring immunocompetence by maintaining genetic diversity.
Roberts CE, Gosling LM, Carter V and Petrie M (2006) MHC-correlated odour preferences in humans and the use of oral contraceptives Proc. R. Soc. B 275, 2715–2722
*** This study investigates how oral contraceptives influence women's preferences for certain male odours, which are known to be influenced by genes in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). Previous research has indicated that female preference for MHC-dissimilar male odour may function to increase offspring heterozygosity or minimize inbreeding. Interestingly, it has also been suggested that women using oral contraceptives tend to prefer the scent of MHC-similar males, which runs contrary to this logic. The study utilized a longitudinal design to test women before and after initiating contraceptive pill use, comparing their preferences to a control group of non-pill users. While the study didn't find a significant difference in ratings between odours of MHC-dissimilar and MHC-similar men during the follicular cycle phase in general, it did unearth that single women tended to prefer the odour of MHC-similar men, whereas women in relationships leaned towards the odour of MHC-dissimilar men. This latter finding aligns.
Wedekind C (2006) The Intensity of Human Body Odors and the MHC: Should We Expect A Link? Evolutionary Psychology. 4:85-94
*** Esta investigación discernió relaciones entre algunos genes del MHC (Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad) y la intensidad y agradabilidad de los olores corporales masculinos, descubriendo que los hombres con al menos un antígeno MHC homocigoto no emiten olores notablemente más intensos que los heterocigotos, sin embargo, sus aromas son percibidos como significativamente más fuertes por mujeres con MHC disímiles.
Pause BM, Krauel K, Schrader C, Sojka B, Westphal E, Müller-Ruchholtz W, and Ferstl R. (2006) The human brain is a detector of chemosensorily transmitted HLA-class I-similarity in same- and opposite-sex relations Proc. R. Soc. B (2006) 273, 471–478 doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3342
*** This study reveals that humans subconsciously detect and respond to body odors from individuals with similar HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigen) genetic markers, which might play a critical role in social interactions and mate selection by acting as subtle social signals within both same-sex and opposite-sex relationships.
Martins Y, Preti G, Crabtree CR, Runyan T, Vainius AA and Wysocki CJ (2005) Preference for Human Body Odors Is Influenced by Gender and Sexual Orientation Psychological Science, 16(9) 694-702
*** Este estudio demuestra que la orientación sexual y el género influyen en las preferencias de los individuos por los olores corporales humanos, con hombres y mujeres heterosexuales y homosexuales mostrando preferencias distintas de dos opciones cuando se les presentan olores corporales de individuos de diferentes combinaciones de género y orientación sexual, lo que implica que el olor corporal puede ser un factor en la selección de parejas sexuales y sociales.
Horton R, Wilming L, Rand V, Lovering RC, Bruford EA, Khodiyar VK, Lush MJ, Povey S, Talbot CC Jr, Wright MW, Wain HM, Trowsdale J, Ziegler A, Beck S (2004) Gene map of the extended human MHC. Nat Rev Genet 5(12):889-899
*** This study characterises an integrated gene map of the extended human MHC, a pivotal region in the vertebrate genome for infection and autoimmunity due to its essential role in both adaptive and innate immunity, highlighting its significant content related to paralogy, polymorphism, immune functionality, and its association with various diseases, providing a comprehensive view stemming from the assimilation of data from several large-scale studies.
Jacob S, McClitock MK, Zelano B and Ober C (2002) Paternally inherited HLA alleles are associated with woman's choice of male odour Nature Genetics, 30:175
*** This study demonstrates that women can discern differences in male body odor influenced by a single variance in HLA (human MHC) allele, with a woman's capacity to distinguish and prefer certain odors notably being based on HLA alleles inherited from her father and not her mother; this suggests that paternally inherited HLA-associated odors influence odor preference and might function as social cues, even despite a milieu of potential odors derived from a variety of genetic and cultural factors.
Milinski M and Wedekind C (2001) Evidence for MHC-correlated perfume preference in humans Behavioural Ecology 12(2):140-149
*** El estudio explora la relación entre los genotipos del Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad (MHC) y las preferencias de perfume en humanos. Descubrieron una notable correlación entre el MHC de un individuo (específicamente HLA-A, -B, -DR) y sus calificaciones de varias fragancias para uso personal, con ciertos tipos de HLA (por ejemplo, HLA-A2) mostrando preferencias de fragancia consistentes. Sin embargo, cuando se trató de preferencias por la fragancia de una pareja, la correlación fue en gran medida insignificante, alineándose con la hipótesis de que los individuos eligen perfumes para uso personal para posiblemente mejorar o amplificar sus propios olores corporales inmunogenéticos reveladores, en lugar de alterar las fragancias percibidas de sus parejas.
Wedekind C, Seebeck T, Bettens F And Paepke AJ (1995) MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans. Proc.R.Soc.Lond.B. 260:245-249.
*** Este estudio encontró que las personas tienden a preferir los olores corporales de posibles parejas que tienen genes del sistema inmunológico diferentes a los suyos, pero esta preferencia cambia para las mujeres que están bajo anticonceptivos.
MHC similarity between couples is known to cause issues with family planning, here are some of the peer-reviewed papers describing the role of MHC similarity and human reproduction .
* demonstrated increased rates of recurrent spontaneous abortion among Hutterite couples matching for HLA-DQA1 alleles
Ober., Steck., Ven., Billstrand., Messer., Kwak., Beaman., Beer (1993) MHC class II compatibility in aborted fetuses and term infants of couples with recurrent spontaneous abortion Journal of Reproductive Immunology, Volume 25, Issue 3, December 1993, Pages 195-207
* results of a 10 year study that demonstrated increased fetal loss rates among Hutterite couples matching for HLA antigens.
Ober C, Hyslop T, Elias S, Weitkamp LR, Hauck WW (1998) Human leukocyte antigen matching and fetal loss: results of a 10 year prospective study Human Reproduction, Volume 13, Issue 1, Jan 1998, Pages 33–38
* describe the relationship between HLA similarity at individual alleles, as well as HLA haplotypes as indicators for increased risk of fetal loss among Hutterite couples.
Ober C (1999) Studies of HLA, fertility and mate choice in a human isolate Hum Reprod Update 5(2):103-107.
* identified differential association of alleles in HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-DRB1 when compared with reported world RSA patients.
Shankarkumar U, Pawar A, Gaonkar P, Parasannavar D, Salvi V, and Ghosh K (2008) HLA allele associations in idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion patients from India J Hum Reprod Sci. 2008 Jan;1(1):19-24.
* found an increased frequency of homozygosity for HLA-E*0101 in Egyptian women with RM
Mosaad YM, Abdel-Dayem Y, El-Deek BS and El-Sherbini SM (2011) Association between HLA-E *0101 homozygosity and recurrent miscarriage in Egyptian women Scand J Immunol. 2011 Aug;74(2):205-9.
* performed a meta-analyses of 41 studies and showed that HLA-B sharing and HLA-DR sharing were both associated with the occurrence of RM.
Meuleman T, Lashley LE, Dekkers OM, van Lith J, Claas FH and Bloemenkamp KW (2015) HLA associations and HLA sharing in recurrent miscarriage: A systematic review and meta-analysis Hum Immunol. May;76(5):362-73.
* proposed a genetic-risk calculation that could predict recurrent miscarriage (RM) based on analysing HLA haplotypes from couples either with histories of successful pregnancies or RM.
Mora-Sánchez A, Aguilar-Salvador D, Nowak I (2019) Towards a gamete matching platform: using immunogenetics and artificial intelligence to predict recurrent miscarriage NPJ Digit Med Mar 7;2:12.
* found that sperm viability was associated with partners' HLA dissimilarity, indicating that cervical mucus may selectively facilitate later gamete fusion between immunogenetically compatible partners.
Jokiniemi A, Magris M, Ritari J, Kuusipalo L, Lundgren T, Partanen J and Kekäläinen J (2020) Post-copulatory genetic matchmaking: HLA-dependent effects of cervical mucus on human sperm function Proc Biol Sci., doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1682.
* demonstrated that HLA eplet dissimilarity positively affects sperm viability in follicular fluid, providing evidence that cryptic female choice operates at the gamete level to favour immunologically compatible partners.
Magris M, Jokiniemi A, Kuusipalo L, Ritari J, Koskela S, Partanen J and Kekäläinen J (2021) Structural dissimilarity of partners' immune genes increases sperm viability in women's reproductive tract Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 34(7):1125-1134.
* demonstrated that soluble HLA-G secreted by embryos into IVF culture medium correlates with implantation success and pregnancy rates, confirming the importance of HLA molecules in early pregnancy.
Lédée N, Petitbarat M, Chevrier L, et al. (2022) The impact of soluble HLA-G in IVF/ICSI embryo culture medium on implantation success Front Immunol. 13:982518.
* found that over 70% of couples with recurrent miscarriages or IVF failures showed high HLA-DQA1 allele similarity, supporting the role of HLA compatibility in reproductive outcomes.
Pafilis I, Michou V, Tsilivakos V, et al. (2023) Human Leukocyte Antigen Alleles Compatibility and Immunophenotypic Profile Associations in Infertile Couples Int J Mol Sci. 24(6):5350.
* found that primary infertile couples (N=609) share more HLA alleles than expected by chance, suggesting HLA similarity may contribute to unexplained infertility and IVF failure.
Kolańska K, Grześ S, Łukaszuk K, et al. (2025) Primary infertile couples share more HLA alleles than expected by chance European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.
MHC-based mate choice is not unique to humans—it is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism found across all vertebrate species studied. Research in fish, birds, rodents, primates, and horses demonstrates that MHC genes influence partner selection, reproductive success, and offspring fitness throughout the animal kingdom. This conservation across 450 million years of vertebrate evolution underscores the fundamental biological importance of MHC compatibility in reproduction.
* Landmark study demonstrating that house mice prefer mates with dissimilar MHC genotypes. Mice detect MHC differences through urine odor cues, and MHC-disassortative mating preferences result in a 27% deficit of MHC homozygous offspring in wild populations.
Penn DJ and Potts WK (1999) The evolution of mating preferences and major histocompatibility complex genes The American Naturalist, 153(2):145-164.
* Demonstrated that female three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) use odor-based MHC detection to select mates that will produce offspring with optimal MHC diversity, equipping them with maximal resistance to pathogens and parasites.
Milinski M, Griffiths S, Wegner KM, Reusch TBH, Haas-Assenbaum A, Boehm T (2005) Mate choice decisions of stickleback females predictably modified by MHC peptide ligands PNAS, 102(12):4414-4418.
* Found that both male and female sticklebacks with intermediate MHC class IIB diversity had the highest lifetime reproductive success, demonstrating that optimal (not maximal) MHC diversity maximizes fitness.
Kalbe M, Eizaguirre C, Dankert I, Reusch TBH, Sommerfeld RD, Wegner KM, Milinski M (2009) Lifetime reproductive success is maximized with optimal major histocompatibility complex diversity Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276(1658):925-934.
* In the grey partridge, females preferentially paired with males having more dissimilar MHC, with lower numbers of shared amino acid variants. This supports the 'inbreeding avoidance' and 'complementary genes' hypotheses in a strictly monogamous bird species.
Løvlie H, Gillingham MAF, Worley K, Pizzari T, Richardson DS (2017) Mate choice for major histocompatibility complex complementarity in a strictly monogamous bird, the grey partridge (Perdix perdix) Frontiers in Zoology, 14:9.
* Wild-spawning Atlantic salmon that chose their own mates produced offspring with 4× lower parasite loads than artificially crossed salmon, despite similar MHC diversity—demonstrating that MHC-mediated mate choice directly increases offspring fitness.
Consuegra S, de Leaniz CG (2008) MHC-mediated mate choice increases parasite resistance in salmon Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 275(1641):1397-1403.
* Discovered that MHC peptides trigger olfactory imprinting in zebrafish during a critical developmental period, creating persistent kin recognition preferences—demonstrating a fundamental mechanism by which vertebrates learn to recognize MHC-similar individuals.
Gerlach G, Hodgins-Davis A, Avolio C, Schunter C (2013) Olfactory imprinting is triggered by MHC peptide ligands Scientific Reports, 3:2800.
* Found non-random mating based on MHC in Chinook salmon—females directed more aggression toward MHC-similar males than MHC-dissimilar males, providing behavioral evidence for active mate discrimination based on immune genes.
Neff BD, Garner SR, Heath JW, Heath DD (2008) The MHC and non-random mating in a captive population of Chinook salmon Heredity, 101:175-185.
* In a study of 191 mares, females were significantly more likely to become pregnant when exposed to MHC-dissimilar stallions (p=0.019), demonstrating "cryptic female choice" influenced by MHC social signalling in horses.
Burger D, Meuwly C, Marti E, Sieme H, Oberthür M, Janda J, Meinecke-Tillmann S, Wedekind C (2017) MHC-linked social signalling affects female fertility in horses Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 284:20161998.
* Found that stallions exposed to MHC-dissimilar mares exhibited 19.2%% higher testosterone levels and produced more sperm per ejaculate, demonstrating that MHC-linked signals directly affect male reproductive strategies.
Burger D, Dolivo G, Marti E, Sieme H, Wedekind C (2015) El tipo de complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad femenino afecta los niveles de testosterona y el número de espermatozoides en el caballo (Equus caballus). Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 282:20150407.
* Meta-analysis of 58 effect sizes from 30 studies across seven primate species found a significant trend favouring MHC-diverse mates. The analysis confirms MHC-based mate preferences operate across the primate lineage.
Winternitz J, Abbate JL, Huchard E, Havlíček J, Garamszegi LZ (2017) Patterns of MHC-dependent mate selection in humans and nonhuman primates: a meta-analysis Molecular Ecology, 26(2):668-688.
* In wild grey mouse lemurs from Madagascar, found evidence for post-copulatory mate choice associated with MHC constitution—fathers had higher numbers of MHC supertypes different from mothers than randomly assigned males.
Schwensow N, Eberle M, Sommer S (2008) Compatibility counts: MHC-associated mate choice in a wild promiscuous primate Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 275(1634):555-564.
* Building on Burger's work, found that stallion semen quality depends on MHC matching to teaser mares—semen collected in the presence of MHC-dissimilar mares had higher sperm concentration and better motility.
Jeannerat E, Marti E, Berney C, Janett F, Bollwein H, Sieme H, Burger D, Wedekind C (2018) Stallion semen quality depends on major histocompatibility complex matching to teaser mare Molecular Ecology, 27(4):1025-1035.
* First evidence for MHC-based mate choice in reptiles: female Chinese alligators preferentially mate with MHC-heterozygous males that are genetically compatible, extending MHC mate choice to crocodilians.
Wang H, Shen FJ, Min MS, Wu XB, Yue BS, Yan P (2018) MHC class I diversity predicts non-random mating in Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis) Heredity, 122:809-818.
* Found evidence for MHC-disassortative mating in the tuatara, a "living fossil" reptile—demonstrating that MHC-based mate choice has been conserved since the Triassic period (>200 million years ago).
Miller HC, Moore JA, Nelson NJ, Daugherty CH (2009) Influence of major histocompatibility complex genotype on mating success in a free-ranging reptile population Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276(1662):1695-1704.
* In Seychelles warblers, when females' social mates were MHC-similar, they were more likely to engage in extra-pair copulations, with extra-pair males being significantly more MHC-dissimilar than social mates.
Richardson DS, Komdeur J, Burke T, von Schantz T (2005) MHC-based patterns of social and extra-pair mate choice in the Seychelles warbler Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 272(1564):759-767.
* Demonstrated that MHC-based mate choice in sticklebacks can drive ecological speciation, showing that immunogenes not only influence individual fitness but can shape evolutionary divergence between populations.
Eizaguirre C, Lenz TL, Kalbe M, Milinski M (2018) Mate choice in sticklebacks reveals that immunogenes can drive ecological speciation Behavioral Ecology, 28(4):953-961.
* Found in ring-necked pheasants that male spur length (a sexually selected ornament) was correlated with MHC genotype, demonstrating that sexual ornaments can signal genetic quality at immune genes.
von Schantz T, Wittzell H, Goransson G, Grahn M, Persson K (1996) MHC genotype and male ornamentation: genetic evidence for the Hamilton-Zuk model Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 263(1368):265-271.
* Quantitative review of MHC-based mating preferences across 50+ vertebrate species found significant effects for both MHC diversity and dissimilarity preferences, confirming MHC-mediated mate choice as a widespread vertebrate phenomenon.
Kamiya T, O'Dwyer K, Westerdahl H, Senior A, Nakagawa S (2014) A quantitative review of MHC-based mating preference: the role of diversity and dissimilarity Molecular Ecology, 23(21):5151-5163.
* Demonstrated MHC-based mate choice in sand lizards—females preferred MHC-dissimilar males, showing that reptiles can recognize both their own genotype and that of potential partners through scent cues.
Olsson M, Madsen T, Nordby J, Wapstra E, Ujvari B, Wittsell H (2003) Major histocompatibility complex and mate choice in sand lizards Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 270(Suppl 2):S254-S256.
* Found that frog tadpoles use MHC-based self-referent cues to preferentially associate with MHC-similar kin—demonstrating that MHC recognition operates in amphibians from early developmental stages.
Villinger J, Waldman B (2008) Self-referent MHC type matching in frog tadpoles Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 275(1640):1225-1230.
* Found that MHC-divergent male tiger salamanders had reduced mating success compared to males with intermediate MHC divergence—supporting the optimal MHC diversity hypothesis in amphibians.
Bos DH, Williams RN, Gopurenko D, Bulut Z, DeWoody JA (2009) Condition-dependent mate choice and a reproductive disadvantage for MHC-divergent male tiger salamanders Molecular Ecology, 18(15):3307-3315.
* Comprehensive review of MHC odor signaling mechanisms across vertebrates—synthesizes decades of research on how fish, mice, horses, and humans detect MHC differences through olfactory cues.
Milinski M (2022) A Review of Suggested Mechanisms of MHC Odor Signaling Biology, 11(8):1187.
Our personality compatibility rating is based on the Myers-Briggs 16 personality types. This test has a long history with the development of the first 3 components dating back almost 100 years to Dr. Carl Jung and today the 4 letters and 16 personality type groups are widely known to the majority of people. DNA Romance's personality compatibility algorithm, called PC1, puts maximum weight on similar personality types and less weight towards personality types that tend to clash.
Lok C (2012) Career development: What's your type? Nature, 488: 545-547
* The article highlights the utilization of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and similar personality tests in assisting scientists to enhance their soft skills and navigate their careers by providing insights into their personality traits, which can inform their communication, leadership, and teamwork strategies within professional environments.
Keirsey, D (2006) Please Understand Me II (3rd ed) Promethius Nemesis Book Co., Del Mar, CA.
Por Favor Comprendeme es un libro de psicología escrito por David Keirsey y Marilyn Bates que emplea un cuestionario auto-evaluado, el Keirsey Temperament Sorter, para categorizar a las personas en uno de los dieciséis tipos de personalidad y cuatro tipos de temperamento más amplios (Artista, Guardián, Racional e Idealista), ofreciendo a los lectores una visión de sus patrones de comportamiento y valores fundamentales, mientras que se basa y simplifica en teorías psicológicas y indicadores de tipo anteriores, en particular el Indicador de Tipo Myers-Briggs.
Myers IB, McCaulley MH, Quenk NL and Hammer AL (1998) MBTI manual: A guide to the development and use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA, Vol. 3.
El Manual MBTI®, tercera edición, sirve como una guía completa, detallando el desarrollo, aplicación e interpretación del instrumento Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®. Proporciona información en profundidad sobre la teoría, fiabilidad y validez de la herramienta, y ofrece una visión de los 16 tipos de personalidad que identifica, todos escritos por expertos líderes en el tipo psicológico, Isabel Briggs Myers, Mary H. McCaulley, Naomi L. Quenk y Allen L. Hammer.
Myers IB, McCaulley MH and Most R (1985) Manual, a guide to the development and use of the Myers-Briggs type indicator Consulting Psychologists Press.
The 1985 edition, 'Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator,' introduces and elucidates the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI®), designed to render C. G. Jung's psychological type theory comprehensible and applicable in daily life, underlining the principle that behavioral variations, while seemingly sporadic, are consistently orderly, deriving from intrinsic differences in individuals' preferred use of perception and judgment.
Myers IB (1962) Manual, a guide to the development and use of the Myers-Briggs type indicator. Consulting Psychologists Press.
The 1962 manual for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator provides comprehensive insights and guidelines for implementing C. Jung's theory of psychological types, asserting that behavioral variations are systematic and consistent due to basic perceptual and judgmental preferences, aiming to leverage these preferences through self-reports to ascertain individual psychological types, thereby enabling the practical application and research into their effects on reactions, motivations, values, and capabilities.
Jung CG (1923) Psychological types: or the psychology of individuation Oxford, England: Harcourt, Brace.
Los Tipos Psicológicos de Carl Gustav Jung, publicado por primera vez en 1923, introduce la seminal teoría psicológica de la tipología, presentando un marco que busca explicar las diversas y aparentemente aleatorias diferencias en la personalidad a través de una teoría sistemática y ordenada, proponiendo que las variaciones fundamentales en el comportamiento humano surgen debido a diferencias inherentes en cómo los individuos prefieren utilizar sus funciones cognitivas de percepción y juicio, sentando las bases para numerosas teorías y evaluaciones de la personalidad que vendrían, notablemente el Indicador de Tipo Myers-Briggs (MBTI).